Comparison of Four Weeks of Aerobic and Strength Training on Serum Cortisol and Creatine Kinase Levels in Inactive Overweight Women

Author

Assistance Professor, Department of Sport Physiology, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of four weeks of aerobic training and strength training on serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels in sedentary overweight women aged between 25 and 40 years.
Method: A total of 36 subjects were selected from inactive women with excess weight as a research sample. They were chosen based on specific criteria for participation in the study and were then randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic exercise (12 people), strength training (12 people), and a control group (12 people). The aerobic training group underwent a 4-week program consisting of 12 training sessions, with three sessions per week. The intensity of the sessions was set at 65 to 70% of the reserve heart rate, lasting 16 to 22 minutes each week. The strength training program also spanned four weeks, with three sessions per week at an intensity of 50 to 65% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Blood samples were collected from the subjects at two points: before the training began and 48 hours after the final four-week session. The samples were taken under fasting and baseline conditions to measure serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels. Blood samples of 6 ml were drawn from the brachial vein for serum separation. Data analysis involved using covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc test to assess intergroup differences, if significant. Additionally, the paired t-test was employed to evaluate intragroup differences at a significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The study results revealed a significant difference in the intergroup levels of cortisol and serum creatine kinase among inactive women after four weeks of aerobic and strength training (P=0.000). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in intragroup cortisol levels between the pre-test and post-test stages in both the aerobic and strength training groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant difference in intragroup creatine kinase levels between the pre-test and post-test phases was also noted in the aerobic training group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Four weeks of strength and aerobic training led to a decrease in cortisol and creatine kinase levels in inactive overweight women. Therefore, both moderate-intensity exercise methods can be used to reduce stress and injury in overweight inactive women.

Keywords

References

  1. Ramazani A & Sarhaddi S. The effect of a prolonged period of aerobic training on the muscle damage indices (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) in middel-aged womens. Daneshvar Medicine. 2017; 25(1): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.22070/24.128.39. [in persian]
  2. Mohebi H, Hajilo H, Demirchi A & Rouhani H. The effect of aerobic exercise intensity on the composition and distribution of body fat in overweight men. 2011;19(56): 91-103. [in persian]
  3. Trapp EG, Chisholm DJ, Freund J & Boutcher SH. The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. Int J Obes. 2008; 32: 684–91.
  4. Joseph Rj, Alonso‐Alonso M, Bond Ds, Pascual‐Leone A & Blackburn Gl. The Neurocognitive Connection Between Physical Activity And Eating Behaviour. Obesity Reviews. 2011; 12(10): 800-12.
  5. Kraemer WJ, Deschenes MR & Fleck SJ. Physiological adaptation to resistance exercise. Implication for athletic conditioning. Sport Med. 2014; 6: 246-256.
  6. Rodrigues BM, Dantas E, de Salles BF, Miranda H, Koch AJ, Willardson JM & Simão R. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase responses after upper-body resistance exercise with different rest intervals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010; 24(6):1657-62.
  7. Brancaccio P, Lippi G & Maffulli N. Biochemical markers of muscular damage. ClinChem Lab Med. 2010; 48(6): 757-67.
  8. Howatson G, Goodall S, Van Someren KA. The influence of cold-water immersions on adaptation following a single bout of damaging exercise. European journal of applied physiology. 2009; 105: 615-21.
  9. Hill E, Zack E, Battaglini C, Viru M, Viru A & Hackney A. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: the intensity threshold effect. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 2008; 31(7): 587-591.
  10. Koch AJ, Wherry AD, Petersen MC, Johnson JC, Stuart MK & Sexton WL. Salivary immunoglobulin a response to a collegiate rugby game. J Strength Cond Res. 2007; 21: 86-90.
  11. Salari P, Alavian SF, Habibi Rad A & Tara SF. Investigating the relationship between stress, anxiety and childbirth pain with salivary cortisol level in the first stage of labor in primiparous women. Journal of Midwifery and Infertility of Iran. 2012;16(55):14-21. [in persian]
  12. Petruzzello SJ, Landers DM, Hatfield BD, Kubitz KA & Salazar W. A meta-analysis on the anxiety-reducing effects of acute and chronic exercise: Outcomes and mechanisms. Sports medicine. 1991; 11:143-82.
  13. Salmon P. Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clinical psychology review. 2001; 21(1): 33-61.
  14. Seyfoorian M, Nikbakht M, Doostan MR & Fathi Moghaddam H. Influence of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on the Reproductive Hormones, Cortisol and Prolactin in Male. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2011; 10(5): 545-553. https://doi.org/22118/jsmj.2011.55440. [in persian]
  15. Naghibifar Sh, Afzalpour MI, Saqib Jo M, Hedayati M & Shirzaei P. The effect of resistance and aerobic training on serum levels of C-reactive protein, lipid profile and body composition of overweight women. New care. 2011; 8(32):186-196. [in persian]
  16. Gil-Campos M, Aguilera CM, Canete R & Gil A. Ghrelin: a hormone regulating food intake and energy homeostasis. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006; 96(2): 201-26.
  17. Saghebjoo M, Ghanbari NA, Rajabi H, Rahbarizadeh F & Hedayati M. The influence of circuit resistance training intensity on ghrelin to obestatin ratio of plasma in healthy young women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011; 12(6): 626-32. [in persian]
  18. Delfan B, Armanfar S & Armanfar M. Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on anxiety and, blood cortisol secretion rate of young wrestlers. Yafte. 2013; 15(3):15-21. [in persian]
  19. Shirvani H & Sobhani V. The effect of a selected aerobic exercise course on the response of thyroid hormones and cortisol in women to exercise. Journal of Military Medicine. 2015; 18(3): 253-261. [in persian]
  20. Nazari Gilan Nejad T, Gayini AA, Foroghi Pardanjani A. Comparison of the effect of 12 weeks of hatha yoga and aerobic exercise on serum cortisol levels and stress, anxiety and depression in women with type 2 diabetes. Razi Medical Sciences (Journal of Iran University of Medical Sciences). 2016; 24(157): 81-89. [in persian]
  21. Piri M & et al. The effect of an aerobic exercise course on leptin, cortisol and serum testosterone levels in obese and lean men. Research in sports sciences. 2008; 9(22): 116-99. [in persian]
  22. Bijeh N & Hejazi K. The Effect of a Six- Month Aerobic Exercise on Levels of GH, IGF-1 and GH/IGF-1 Ratio Serum in Sedentary Middle-aged Women. 2013; 21(4): 415-427. [in persian]
  23. Ravasi, AA, Pournamati P, Kurdi MR & Hedayati M. The effect of two types of resistance and endurance training programs on BDNF and cortisol levels in young male rats. Journal of Sports Biology. 2013; 5(1): 49-78. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2013.30458. [in persian]
  24. Kraemer WJ, Looney DP, Martin GJ, Ratamess NA, Vingren JL, French DN, Hatfield DL, Fragala MS, Spiering BA, Howard RL & Cortis C. Changes in creatine kinase and cortisol in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football players during a season. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2013; 27(2): 434-41.
  25. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, Nindl BC & Fragala MS. Growth hormone (s), testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and cortisol: roles and integration for cellular development and growth with exercise. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2020; 11.
  26. Edaghat M & Rashidi M. The effect of creatine supplementation on the activity of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes after an intense exercise session in athletic girls. 2018; 8(1) :2224 - 2233.
  27. Pettersson J, Hindorf U, Persson P, Bengtsson T, Malmqvist U, Werkström V & Ekelund M. Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2008; 65(2): 253-9.
  28. Evangelista R, Pereira R, Hackney AC & Machado M. Rest interval between resistance exercise sets: length affects volume but not creatine kinase activity or muscle soreness. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2011; 6(1):118-27.
  29. Callegari GA, Novaes JS, Neto GR, Dias I, Garrido ND & Dani C. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase responses after different resistance and aerobic exercise protocols. Journal of human kinetics. 2017; 58(1): 65-72.
  30. Isik O & Dogan I. Effects of bilateral or unilateral lower body resistance exercises on markers of skeletal muscle damage. Biomedical journal. 2018; 41(6): 364-8.
  31. Tartibian B & Ebrahimi Torkamani B. Inflammatory markers and muscle damage indices response to intense exercise in healthy boys: relationship between the markers. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport. 2016; 4(8): 31-41. https://doi.org/10.22077/jpsbs. [in persian]
  32. Anugweje KC & Okonko IO. Effect of noni supplementation on the serum creatine kinase (CK) levels of athletes. World J. Sport Sci. 2012; 7(1): 41-7.
Applied Research in Sports Nutrition and Exercise Science
Volume 1, Issue 1
March 2024
Pages 88-102

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 17 February 2024
  • Revise Date: 28 February 2024
  • Accept Date: 24 March 2024
  • First Publish Date: 10 April 2024
  • Publish Date: 10 April 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics